1、清洗機理

　　1. Cleaning mechanism

　　非水系清洗劑的清洗原理簡單地說是依據(jù)溶劑的溶解力進行清洗。基于對油脂或油性污染的溶解性的脫脂機理是：相似相溶原則。汽油、燈油等碳氫化合物容易溶解重油，其它烴類，易與相近的鹵代烴（四氯化碳、三氯乙烷等）互溶。水能與具有與水結構相似OH的化合物如R-COOH（低級脂肪酸）、R-OH（低級醇）等互溶也是基于此。異種液體間的溶解性與表面張力、界面張力有密切關系。例如，苯、環(huán)烷烴等溶劑的表面張力與焦油、潤滑油的表面張力差別不大，兩者間的界面張力值近似容易互溶。對于溶劑對油脂或油性污物的溶解性，不同溶劑一定溫度下的溶液在冷卻過程中，溶質(zhì)分離的溫度越低其對溶質(zhì)的溶解度就越大。

　　The cleaning principle of non-aqueous cleaning agents is simply based on the solubility of solvents for cleaning. The degreasing mechanism based on the solubility of oil or oily pollution is the principle of similar solubility. Gasoline, lamp oil and other hydrocarbons are prone to dissolve heavy oil, while other hydrocarbons are easily miscible with similar halogenated hydrocarbons such as carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethane. The mutual solubility between water and compounds with OH structures similar to water, such as R-COOH (lower fatty acids) and R-OH (lower alcohols), is also based on this. The solubility between heterogeneous liquids is closely related to surface tension and interfacial tension. For example, the surface tension of solvents such as benzene and cycloalkanes is not significantly different from that of tar and lubricating oil, and the interfacial tension between the two is similar and easily miscible. For the solubility of solvents in oils or oily pollutants, the lower the temperature of solute separation during the cooling process, the greater the solubility of solutes in solutions with different solvents at a certain temperature.

　　2、KB值

　　2. KB value

　　KB值是噴漆、涂料工業(yè)如表示天那水的溶解力而使用的值，指25℃下從120g標準kaurigum-丁醇溶液中析出kaurigum所需要稀釋劑的ml數(shù)，KB值越高溶解性越好。作為清洗用溶劑溶解力的判別曾以KB值作為指標，但KB值是指對樹脂的溶解性，與清洗力無直接關系因而難于作為基準。

　　The KB value is a value used in the paint and coating industry to represent the solubility of Tianna water. It refers to the number of milliliters of diluent required to precipitate Kaurigum from a 120g standard Kaurigum butanol solution at 25 ℃. The higher the KB value, the better the solubility. As a criterion for determining the solubility of cleaning solvents, KB value was once used as an indicator, but KB value refers to the solubility of resin and is not directly related to cleaning power, making it difficult to use as a benchmark.

　　3、SP值

　　3. SP value

　　清洗用溶劑的溶解性能指標有溶解度參數(shù)SP值。SP值用下式表示：

　　The solubility index of cleaning solvents includes the solubility parameter SP value. The SP value is represented by the following equation:

　　SP值：δ=(△E/V)△E：蒸發(fā)能V：摩爾體積

　　SP value: δ=(△ E/V) △ E: evaporation energy V: molar volume

　　SP值相近的物質(zhì)具有相近的凝集能，因而易于互相溶解。此現(xiàn)象即相似相溶的經(jīng)驗規(guī)則。各物質(zhì)的SP值如另頁所示。一般碳氫系清洗劑的SP值為7～8，此值因與加工油的SP值（7～8）一致，因此易于溶解，且有高的清洗力。但與樹脂的SP值相距甚遠，因而不易侵蝕這些材料。同時對于含樹脂的污物，醇類的溶解性較差清洗效果不好。選擇清洗劑時SP值可以作為一個指標，但僅以數(shù)值作為判斷比較危險，必須用實際污染油等作清洗性能實驗進行評價。

　　Substances with similar SP values have similar aggregation energies and are therefore prone to mutual dissolution. This phenomenon is the empirical rule of similarity and compatibility. The SP values of each substance are shown on another page. The SP value of general hydrocarbon cleaning agents is 7-8, which is consistent with the SP value of processing oil (7-8), making them easy to dissolve and have high cleaning power. But it is far from the SP value of the resin, so it is not easy to corrode these materials. At the same time, for pollutants containing resin, the solubility of alcohols is poor and the cleaning effect is not good. When choosing a cleaning agent, the SP value can be used as an indicator, but it is more dangerous to judge based solely on numerical values. It is necessary to evaluate the cleaning performance using actual contaminated oil and other experiments.

　　4、物理性

　　4. Physical properties

　　影響清洗力的因素除溶劑的溶解力外，還有熱、攪拌、摩擦力、加壓、減壓、研磨、超聲波等物理作用力的影響。不是只考慮其中的一種因素，而是將所有因素通盤考慮才能提高清洗效果。表2是影響清洗力的因素總結。

　　The factors that affect cleaning power include not only the solubility of solvents, but also physical forces such as heat, stirring, friction, pressure, pressure reduction, grinding, and ultrasonic waves. Not only considering one factor, but taking into account all factors comprehensively can improve the cleaning effect. Table 2 summarizes the factors that affect cleaning power.

　　影響碳氫清洗劑清洗力的因素

　　Factors affecting the cleaning power of hydrocarbon cleaning agents

　　化學力：溶解力…界面張力…表面活性劑（助劑）化學反應力…

　　Chemical force: solubility... interfacial tension... surfactant (additive) chemical reaction force

　　物理力：加熱…促進其它清洗因素的反應、污物的物理變化，被清洗物的物性變化。超聲波…由超聲所引起的空化作用、加速度、直進流引起的強力剝離、分散。攪拌…為促進被清洗表面與新鮮清洗液的接觸的攪拌，由于均一化作（搖動、用提高清洗效果、機械促進被清洗表面污物的剝離，分散剝離回轉）后的污物于清洗液中，防止清洗面的再附著。減壓…使減壓液向細微處浸透，使污物膨脹除去。根據(jù)以上影響清洗力的幾點因素，碳氫清洗設備在設計和配置上要有所針對性，例如清洗的主功能槽的配置通常如下：工作原理：第一階段：首先由操作者將欲清洗的產(chǎn)品放入洗籃，然后將洗籃放進設備上料區(qū)，通過操作員控制機械臂將洗籃提到清洗主槽。這時氣缸驅(qū)動槽蓋自動關閉清洗槽，真空脫氣系統(tǒng)啟動，將槽內(nèi)空氣抽盡.在真空狀態(tài)下可以將需要清洗的產(chǎn)品的狹小縫隙內(nèi)氣體及含在清洗劑中的氣體抽出，超聲波啟動，搖擺裝置啟動，帶動洗籃轉動，使清洗劑可以充分進行清洗；到設定的時間后，真空釋放,氣缸驅(qū)動將蓋子打開,機械臂將洗籃提出,進入第二槽清洗.至于需要幾個槽進行真空清洗,則需要根據(jù)產(chǎn)品表面的油污,雜質(zhì)等物質(zhì)及產(chǎn)品的產(chǎn)量來決定.

　　Physical force: Heating... promotes reactions of other cleaning factors, physical changes of pollutants, and changes in the physical properties of the cleaned object. Ultrasonic waves... caused by cavitation, acceleration, and strong peeling and dispersion due to direct flow. Stirring... To promote the contact between the cleaned surface and fresh cleaning solution, the homogenized dirt (shaken, used to improve cleaning effect, mechanically promoted to peel off dirt from the cleaned surface, dispersed and peeled back) is stirred in the cleaning solution to prevent reattachment of the cleaning surface. Decompression... allows the decompression liquid to penetrate into fine areas, causing the dirt to expand and be removed. Based on the factors that affect cleaning power mentioned above, the design and configuration of hydrocarbon cleaning equipment should be targeted. For example, the configuration of the main cleaning function tank is usually as follows: Working principle: In the first stage, the operator first places the product to be cleaned into the washing basket, and then places the washing basket into the equipment loading area. The operator controls the robotic arm to lift the washing basket up to the main cleaning tank. At this point, the cylinder drives the slot cover to automatically close the cleaning slot, and the vacuum degassing system is activated to exhaust the air inside the slot. Under vacuum, the gas in the narrow gap of the product that needs to be cleaned and the gas contained in the cleaning agent can be extracted. The ultrasonic wave is activated, the swinging device is activated, and the washing basket is driven to rotate, so that the cleaning agent can be thoroughly cleaned; After the set time, the vacuum is released, the cylinder drives the lid to open, and the robotic arm lifts the washing basket out and enters the second tank for cleaning. As for how many tanks are needed for vacuum cleaning, it depends on the amount of oil, impurities, and other substances on the product surface and the production volume of the product

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